In my previous posts on Kubernetes, I have used public cloud providers like AWS or DigitalOcean to spin up test clusters. This is nice and quite flexible - you can create clusters with an arbitrary numbers of nodes, can attach volumes, create load balancers and define networks. However, cloud providers will of course charge for … Continue reading Kubernetes on your PC: playing with minikube
In one of the previous posts, we have learned how to expose arbitrary ports to the outside world using services and load balancers. However, we also found that this is not very efficient - in the worst case, the number of load balancers we need equals the number of services. Specifically for HTTP/HTTPS traffic, there … Continue reading Managing traffic with Kubernetes ingress controllers
In this post, we will look in some more detail into networking in a Kubernetes cluster. Even though the Kubernetes networking model is independent of the underlying cloud provider, the actual implementation does of course depend on the cloud provider which communicates with Kubernetes through a CNI plugin. I will continue to use EKS, so … Continue reading Watching Kubernetes networking in action
In our discussion of the IP protocol, the reader might have noticed that there are many desirable features that the IP protocol does not have. Suppose for instance that we are building an application that needs to transmit data in a stream oriented way - this could be a video, an MP3 file or a … Continue reading Networking basics – the TCP protocol
In the last post in this series, we have covered the basics of the IP protocol - the layout of a network message and the process of fragmentation. However, there is one point which we have not yet discussed. Assume that an application or operating system has actually assembled a message and applied fragmentation so … Continue reading Networking basics – IP routing and the ARP protocol
In the previous post in my networking series, we have looked in detail at the Ethernet protocol. We now understand how two machines can communicate via Ethernet frames. We have also seen that an Ethernet frame consists of an Ethernet header and some payload which can be used to transmit data using higher level protocols. … Continue reading Networking basics – IP
In the previous post in this series, we have looked at the layered architecture of a typical network stack. In this post, we will dive into the lowest layer of a typical TCP/IP implementation - the Ethernet protocol. The term Ethernet originally refers to a set of standards initially developed in the seventies by Xerox … Continue reading Networking basics – Ethernet
